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Peter Singer (1946–) is an Australian philosopher who has greatly influenced the field of practical ethics. He is known for developing a modern form of utilitarianism, advocating for animal liberation, and promoting the idea of effective altruism.

Singer follows the tradition of utilitarian ethics, which seeks to maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering. However, he expands this idea by arguing that the interests of all beings capable of suffering should be considered equally. This means that animals, like humans, deserve moral consideration.

In his book Animal Liberation (1975), Singer criticizes speciesism, the discrimination against animals based on their species. He argues that factory farming, animal testing, and the fur industry are morally wrong because they cause unnecessary suffering.

Another key idea Singer promotes is effective altruism, which suggests that wealthy individuals have a moral duty to help those in need. He argues that we should donate not just out of kindness but in a way that maximizes positive impact. For example, instead of donating to expensive art museums, he believes it is more ethical to fund vaccinations for children in developing countries.

Singer is introduced as a modern utilitarian thinker who applies ethical principles to real-world issues in some books. His ideas are often discussed in relation to bioethics, environmental ethics, and global poverty.

However, Singer's views have been criticized for being too extreme. Some argue that his cost-benefit approach to ethics may undermine the value of individual human lives, especially when he questions the necessity of sustaining the lives of severely disabled infants.

His major works include Animal Liberation (1975), Practical Ethics (1979), and The Life You Can Save (2009). These books explore ethical responsibilities in everyday life and encourage people to make morally conscious decisions.

Singer’s philosophy challenges us to rethink how we treat animals, use our resources, and make ethical choices in a world where suffering can be reduced.

*utilitarianism : 공리주의 **altruism : 이타주의